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Adchems Approach to Selling Clebal in Guatemala free essay sample

ADCHEM’S APPROACH TO SELLING CLEBALâ„ ¢ INTO GUATEMALA Following an audit of the paper article, our ongoing claim and occasions throughout the most recent one year concerning the offer of Clebalâ„ ¢ into Guatemala please find underneath my proposition, method of reasoning for the proposition and proposed usage plan: PROPOSAL A. Our association ought to consider adding mustard oil to Clebalâ„ ¢ despite the fact that this may bring about an underlying drop in deals in light of the expanded expense of assembling However, in the long haul, this is an altogether lower cost contrasted with the potential long haul income misfortune coming about because of poor buyer certainty attributable to negative press and possible expenses from legitimate cases for improper passing †the two of which could be diminished by the alteration of the constituents of Clebalâ„ ¢ with mustard oil. B. No progressions be made to the immediate deals technique for dissemination in Guatemala. Method of reasoning By adding mustard oil to Clebalâ„ ¢ will stay away from infringement of buyers trust and lawful obligation for passings brought about by the utilization of Clebalâ„ ¢. We will compose a custom article test on Adchems Approach to Selling Clebal in Guatemala or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I gauge that, by adding mustard oil to Clebalâ„ ¢ there could be a drop in deals because of a decrease in the adequacy of Clebalâ„ ¢ (30% more fragile), Moreover, inevitable income from the deals of Clebalâ„ ¢ could well be diminished and creation costs expanded, in sums hard to assess, as shoe producers may search for substitute cements to Clebalâ„ ¢ and contenders may pick up piece of the overall industry because of the change. Be that as it may, regardless of the previously mentioned inconveniences, I recommend that AdChem should in any case consider adding mustard oil to Clebalâ„ ¢ in light of the fact that taking a chance with the lives of an expected 5,000 kids in Guatemala with a known poisonous toluene based glue (Clebalâ„ ¢) could sabotage AdChem’s notoriety with all clients for an uncertain period for Clebalâ„ ¢ as well as for all AdChem marked items. There is likewise the potential expense of lawful cases from probably a portion of the assessed 5000 Guatemalan youngsters who could turn out to be lethally harmed by the Clebalâ„ ¢, this is notwithstanding corrective harms, negative press and the reason of consistence with government security guidelines probably won't be a finished safeguard as has been seen in other prominent cases. While it is as a matter of fact hard to gauge the money related estimation of things to come income misfortune to because of diminished buyer certainty and the expenses from future lawful cases, apparently not adding mustard oil to Clebalâ„ ¢ could undoubtedly bring about a result far less positive than its option, regardless of the generally higher deals and higher incomes acknowledged from not adding mustard oil to Clebalâ„ ¢. To empower AdChem intently screen its deals and interface straightforwardly with its significant clients I suggest that now AdChem should proceed with deals legitimately to its clients. PROPOSED NEXT STEPS AdChem ought to consider adding mustard oil to Clebalâ„ ¢ as the points of interest (no lawful cases, positive brand picture, long haul income, customer certainty and so forth) far exceed the weaknesses (lawful suits, poor shopper certainty and so forth) of not doing this. I suggest that we do the accompanying: A. Connect with the shoe producers in a gathering, where their interests are heard and their feelings of trepidation alleviated. This should be possible by disclosing to the shoe producers that the cement is as yet sufficient for shoe make. B. Find imaginative approaches to dispense the extra expense of adding mustard oil to the glue e. g. redistributing costs in Adchem’s books or getting charge discount. C. Could the legislature give a sponsorship to AdChem in the meantime? Much thanks to you.

Winning Data Visualisation Techniques

Winning Data Visualisation Techniques Big data is one of the biggest topics of the modern era. With big data, there has also been an increase in data visualisation as a method of presenting and making sense of this vast amount of data. But not all data visualisation techniques are the same.Data visualisation is among the most powerful mechanisms for presenting data and the advances in technology have created unique ways of doing it. Long gone are the days of simple pie charts, as interactive and unique visualisation techniques are becoming the forefront and viewers are becoming increasingly aware of what they like and what they don’t appreciate.The following guide will help you understand the importance of data visualisation, the different ways or presenting data as well as some of the most common tools used in the industry. You’ll also learn about the key concepts behind a winning data visualisation technique and the mistake you should try to avoid. © Shutterstock.com | Antares JIn this article, you will learn 1) what data visualisation is, 2) why data visualisation is important, 3) what methods exist for data visualisation, 4) key concepts behind a winning data visualisation, and 5) the biggest mistakes to avoid in data visualisations.WHAT IS DATA VISUALISATION?Data visualisation is about the presentation of data in a pictorial or graphical format. It is about providing vast amounts of information in a coherent and short manner with the focus being on the presentation. While data visualisation can deal with written information, the focus is often on using pictures and images to get the message across to the viewer.Furthermore, data visualisation isn’t narrow in its use when it comes to data. It is possible to visualise all sorts of information â€" you can communicate your concepts and hypotheses to other people. Nowadays it is even possible to add technology to data visualisation and opt for interactive visualisation methods .Visual representation of information is an age-old method of sharing ideas and experiences. Charts and maps, for example, are great illustrations of some of the early data visualisation techniques.WHY DOES DATA VISUALISATION MATTER?As mentioned above, humans have used data visualisation techniques for a long time. Images and charts have proven as an effective method for communicating and teaching new information. Research has shown that 80% of people remember what they see, but only 20% of people remember what they read! It can even pass on ideas and events to future generations. The technological developments have further enhanced the opportunities data visualisation brings to people.Perhaps the most important benefit of using data visualisation is its ability to help people take in data quicker. You can highlight a large volume of data in a single chart and people will be able to spot the key points quickly. In written format, it could take hours to analyze all of the data and ma ke connections.Furthermore, this ability to present a vast number of data points is another big benefit of data visualisation. A single chart could potentially highlight a number of different things and people could form different opinions over the data. This can naturally open up new avenues for businesses. People might be able to spot something unexpected from the data.Visual presentations of data improve the ability to interpret information as well. Finding connections from a plethora of data and information is not easy, but graphs and charts can provide the information in a matter of second. A single glance can provide the needed information.All of the above can enhance communication and effectiveness in the workplace or educational establishment. Data visualisation is universally considered an easy and effective way to outline data and therefore it can improve the way people share information and learn.The below video is a great example of mapping data in a beautiful manner: DI FFERENT WAYS OF VISUALISING DATAThe development of technology has led to the explosion of data. This in turn has increased the ways data can these days be represented. In general, many data visualisations fall into two different types: exploration and explanation. Exploration type helps people find the story behind the data, while explanation explains the data readily to the people looking at it.Furthermore, there are different methods available for creating the two types. The most common data visualisation methods include:2D area â€" This method uses geospatial data visualisation techniques, often relating to the position of things on a specific surface. An example of a 2D area data visualisation includes a dot distribution map, which could displays information such as crime in a certain area.Temporal â€" Temporal visualisations are presentations of data in a linear manner. The key is that temporal data visualisation has a start and a finish. An example of a temporal visualisation could be a connected scatter plot, which could display information such as the temperature of a certain area.Multidimensional â€" You could also present data through multidimensional method by using two or more dimensions. This is among the most used methods. An example of a multidimensional visualisation could be a pie chart, which could display information such as government spending.Hierarchical â€" Hierarchical methods are used for presenting multiple groups of data. These data visualisations usually present bigger groups with smaller groups inside. An example of a hierarchical data visualisation includes a tree diagram, which could display information such as language groups.Network â€" The data can also be presented in relation to one another within a network. It is another common method to present large amounts of data. An example of a network data visualisation method could be an alluvial diagram, which could display information such as changes in medical professions.The abo ve shows the plethora of choice, which can provide both huge a amount of opportunities as well as the headache of picking the right method for presenting your data.There are also a number of tools used for data visualisation. These can make gathering data easy, as well as streamline the way the data is used.Some of the most common tools include:Google charts â€" Google’s products are quite well known in the data industry and Google Charts is a handy tool, especially for first-time users.Datawrapper This is an online tool, which can help you with the creation of interactive data visualisations.RAW â€" RAW’s benefits include its plethora of ready-made types that allow you to present your information in a clear and quick manner. The platform is open source, so you are able to provide your own custom layouts as well as use other’s designs.Infogram â€" Infogram is another great tool for first-time users. It allows users to create different charts and infographs and the system is e asy to use.These are not the only tools available and you can find a number of other options in both free and paid software. It is a good idea to look around a bit to ensure you are using software that fits your data visualisation goals the best.THE KEY CONCEPTS BEHIND WINNING DATA VISUALISATIONAnyone who’s ever seen data visualisations knows there are good and bad designs. Many of the benefits of data visualisation can easily be undone if the information is not presented in a correct and suitable manner â€" certain projects require a specific approach.No matter what your information is about, there are certain concepts you need to keep in mind when utilizing data visualisation. The following is the collection of the key concepts behind winning data visualisation techniques.Knowing your audienceThe first thing you need to do before you present the data is to think who is going to view the data. Knowing your audience will be crucial in order to find the right methods for data visua lisation.Although data visualisation is generally a way to simplify data, the audience might still have different knowledge levels of the subject and you need to prepare for this. If your data visualisation is aimed at a professional audience, then you can use much more niche methods as well as use special jargon to explain the data. On the other hand, a general audience might require a much more explanatory approach to the same data.It’s also important to be aware of what the audience expects from your data. You need to know what are the key points they want to take home from the data as well as the main objective you have for presenting the data. In addition, you also need to keep in mind what you want the purpose of your data to be.Having enough understanding of the dataIn addition to knowing your target audience, you also need to understand the data inside out. If you don’t understand your data properly, the chances are you won’t be able to convey it to viewers in an effec tive manner.You won’t be able to include all the information from your data, so you need to be able to find the key information and present it in a coherent manner. You also need to be certain that the data connections you draw from the data are correct and not imaginary â€" incorrect data is an absolute no-go for data visualisation!You’ll also be much more able to draw unique and interesting data connection from the information if you properly understand it.Telling a storyYour data visualisation should also aim to convey a story. You don’t want the data to be a set of information that is just presented on its own, but rather have a message behind the use of the data. This could be about introducing different narratives and about painting a certain image for the viewer to see.Using a story will often mean the viewer gains more insight from the data. It can help the viewer understand the new connections as well as delve deeper into the information.In fact, data visualisation te chniques are a great storytelling tool. The saying ‘Image can tell a thousand stories’ is correct and you should use it to your advantage. Storytelling through data sets isn’t difficult, as you can use colors, fonts and the presentation as part of your storytelling method.In order for the data visualisation to succeed in storytelling, the above point of understanding the data is crucial.Keeping it simpleData visualisation has developed a great deal in recent years and as the above showed, there are many tools and systems for you to use. Having access to different unique methods doesn’t necessarily mean you need to use them all. Furthermore, large amounts of data should not automatically mean all of the information is essential.In short, you need to keep your data visualisation methods simple and straightforward. You don’t want to include too much data or use too many different techniques just for the sake of it.If you think about it through the storytelling lens, it is imp ortant to understand that each element in your visualisation should be part of the essential story. If the data or the element, like a picture of a certain thing, doesn’t add anything important to the story, then you should not include it to your presentation.Having too many elements in your visualisation can actually end up damaging the finished product and take away from the data. You also need to remember the benefit of data visualisation is all about being able to present large data in an instant. If your visualisation seems laborious then you need to go back and see whether you’re using the wrong data presentation or including too much information.Proper awareness of platform requirementsFinally, a winning data visualisation technique also understands the technical aspects. People are now viewing and accessing information through different platforms and it is important you keep this in mind. Just like you need to be aware of the target audience, you also need to consider th e ways people view your data visualisation.You need your visualisation to easily adjust to platforms such as mobile, tablet or computer. If your users are only going to view the data through a mobile, then you naturally will benefit more from a mobile-focused approach rather than creating the data around laptops.In addition to considering the platform’s interface options, you also want to think about accessibility issues. It can enhance user experience greatly if your data visualisation allows proper zooming in and out for people with sight problems. You could also consider different color options for color-blind people. Accessibility is all about enhancing user experience and ensuring your data visualisation is available for all.THE BIGGEST MISTAKES TO AVOID WHEN VISUALIZING THE DATAWhile the above key methods will help you create a winning data visualisation strategy, you also need to stay clear of some common mistakes.Wrong informationAs mentioned briefly above, mistakes in dat a are a huge turn off for viewers. You need to ensure people who are looking at your data have the correct information available. It is your job to ensure people can use the data from your charts and images without the need to double-check the information.Incomplete informationIn addition to ensuring all the information is correct, you also need to present complete data. The viewer must find the relevant information in its entirety, you cannot use data visualisation to cheat or present incomplete information.Data visualisation can and should tell a story, but the story needs to have the complete and correct information â€" not a presentation of the data as you see fit.Oversimplified dataAlthough you need to ensure your data is presented in a simple manner, it doesn’t mean you should oversimplify it. First, you need to keep in mind the audience â€" don’t use common, oversimplified language if you are presenting the data to professionals. On the other hand, don’t fill the text w ith jargon if the viewers are unlikely to be aware of it.But in addition to this, you can’t expect your audience to understand the connections without clearly presenting them. You can’t omit information just because it seems obvious to you the link was there â€" remember that your audience will only see the data you present, not the full data set you were able to use!Inappropriate visualisationWhen you are presenting the data, you need to think carefully about the way you present the data. The context is very important when it comes to things such as the font, the colors and the images. For example, if you are presenting information over deaths due a specific illness, a brightly colored, cheerful imagery can seem insensitive.Inappropriate visualisation also involves with using techniques that make it hard to view and understand the data. For example, you might use bubbles to represent the different spending levels in your department, but if you don’t consider the appropriate d ifferences in size, the bubbles can look misjudged and inaccurate.Forgetting annotationOver simplification might also result in lack of annotation. When you are presenting data, it is easy to assume the viewer would know what each aspect of the image is displaying. But simple, added annotation can improve user experience and ensure the viewer is aware of all the data points within your data.As an example, you might have a chart showing how your business’ sale of bicycles in the past decade. If there’s a big drop or a boost in the data, an annotation explaining the reason behind this sudden change will ensure the viewer gets this additional information.FINAL THOUGHTSHopefully the above has explained you the essential points about the importance of data visualisation. A number of different methods as well as programs can help you to present your data in a unique and compelling manner.It’s important to understand that underneath all the cool and quirky methods, data visualisation is all about the data â€" you need to find a way to outline the information in a correct, clear and concise manner. When you find the correct formula, data visualisation cannot only be informative but also aesthetically pleasing.

A Scientific Attitude Towards The World - 1763 Words

In addition, a scientific attitude towards the world (Leaman, 2005) is another understanding. The outcome of globalisation is that of modernisation through the concept of secularism, separating state from religion (Al-Roubaie Alvi, 2005). Removal of religious principles has introduced a conception of man-made rules (Al-Roubaie Alvi, 2005, p. 140) this is evident through deep-seated disbelief (Reed, 2005). It’s a spiritless world that is branded by economical and military power (Al-Roubaie Alvi, 2005 Nursi cited in Leaman, 2005). Whatsoever we accept, there lays a paradox that our heterogeneous society is being groomed towards homogeneity. It seems quite the task but progressing well per the elites at the top of the global hierarchy. An individual’s religion allows a freedom of expression into who they are, what globalisation brings is an individualistic approach on setting important social, legal and political views by a few individuals onto others (Al-Roubie Alvi 2005). Considering, interfaith dialogue has recognised human ethics neglected amidst the rat race of globalisation. The globalised world has rid the boundaries in communication; maybe the dialogue process can have an input towards the ethical issues faced by society. Al-Damkhi (2008) suggests that ethics are the rules for behaviour but within a system of underlying values. Religions may be differing but they’ve found common ground in the ethics and morals of human life (Luid, 2014, Rogers Senelmis,Show MoreRelatedFavor Of One Version Of Scientific Realism Essay741 Words   |  3 PagesArgue in Favour of One Version of Scientific Realism PHIL2005 - Essay Plan Introduction Scientific realism has long been debated as one of the many perspectives in the philosophy of science. As it explores the very basis of scientific knowledge, it is an attitude that finds itself intimately linked to nearly all aspects of the field. By convention, scientific realism varies in its definition, however according to the Stanford Encylopedia of Philosophy it has a core body of ideas composed of an â€Å"epistemicallyRead MoreThe Science of Psychology Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesThe Science of Psychology â€Å"Psychology is the scientific study of mind, brain and behaviour. Some of what you do learn may seem like ‘common sense’, or at least familiar to you because you are learning about topics in which you can relate to. However some things you may believe is true, but is incorrect. The way we know this is through the application of scientific methods.† Mark Leary suggests that the subject matter of psychology is much more familiar to mostRead MoreChina s Impact On China1181 Words   |  5 Pageschanges that were taking place, created the pressure for political change as well. Europe was expanding both demographically and economically, which strengthening their power in the global order. Conversely, China constrained itself from the outside world and focus on internal progresses ranging from agriculture to social classes. Why were industries in China more labor-intensive than those in Europe? In addition to its diverse geography and the belief of being self-sufficient, China struggled to transitionRead MoreReligious Groups Responses On Science Groups1511 Words   |  7 PagesTopic: Religious groups responses on science group theories on how the world was formed in the modern era. In this essay, we are going to focus on religious group responses to science group theories on how the world was formed in the modern era. We see there has always being a conflict between religion and science groups, because they both believe in different ways on how the world was formed. The religious groups believe the world formation came from God and created by God, and they see him as theRead MoreAn Essay About Natural Attitude and Preconceptions 1388 Words   |  6 PagesNatural attitude encompasses everything that you already know. It is that knowledge we take for granted in our day to day lives. The basic knowledge that the life world exists around you and how it functions on a daily basis. In the domain of natural attitude, we do not raise scientific questions or question the existence of something; we just consider them as facts. Consider switching on a fan. Here, every time you switch on a fan, you don’t investigate the functioning of the fan or look into howRead MorePublic Opinion On The Topic Of Climate Change Remains Divided1504 Words   |  7 Pagesdespite over two decades worth of research and a strong consensus in the scientific community (Deryugina and Shurchkov, 2016). In an experimental survey, the authors tested whether providing the public with information based on scientific agreement on the occurrence and causes of climate change would affect the respondent’s beliefs. They found that not only did the public significantly underestimate the extent of the scientific consensus, the survey also indicated that those who were given concreteRead MoreIndustrial and Organizational Psychology Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pagesand feel successful and effective. It also provides meaningful relationships with other people. Work is a vital part of a good and satisfying life (Scollon King, 2004). The United States worker puts in more hours at work than anyone else in the world (King, 2013). According to the United Nations Internation al Labor Organization, United States worker works more hours and is more productive, but not necessarily more efficient, than their European counter parts (King, 2013). Industrial OrganizationalRead MoreWhy Is Freewill Is Realistic Or Determinism? Essay967 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluences. This notion of determinism is legitimate to the physical aspects of the world even though it is not to humanistic behaviour. (Begelman, 1978) This is because the behaviour psychologists avoid the hypothetical construct or concepts, such as mind, personality, and free will, and preserved to determine the existence of free will for maintaining the scientific manner. However, although a mass of scientific psychologists tackled the existence of free will and advocated determinism, the publicRead MoreEssay on The Black and White of Science and Religion1670 Words   |  7 PagesReligious Education, Promoting positive attitudes towards science and religion among sixth-form pupils: dealing with scientism and creationism. Vol. 32 Issue 3. The Routledge group writes a very compelling argument dealing with the attitudes towards science and religion. The authors have survey results from their research and supply the basic data learned. The paper data talks about the consistency of each institution and really points towards how group and subcultures can either be positiveRead MoreThe Philosophical Point Of Humanism1733 Words   |  7 Pages-- welcomed classical writers who revealed similar social values and secular attitudes. Historians are pretty much agreed on the general outlines of those mental attitudes and scholarly interests which are assembled under the rubric of humanism. The most fundamental point of agreement is that the humanist mentality stood at a point midway between medieval supernaturalism and the modern scientific and critical attitude. Medievalists see humanism as the terminal product of the Middle Ages. Modern

The Ozone Layer And Global Climate Change - 1186 Words

NASA states that, â€Å"In its Fourth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a group of 1,300 independent scientific experts from countries all over the world under the auspices of the United Nations, concluded there s a more than 90 percent probability that human activities over the past 250 years have warmed our planet†. The ozone layer and a stable climate temperature are the only thing protecting life on earth from the deadly UV rays and harmful global temperature rise. All around the world today the ozone layer is constantly depleting and the overall global temperature is constantly heating up whether anyone is acknowledging it or not, but there is a cause. Ozone layer depletion and global climate change are naturally occurring events that have been extremely and negatively heightened by human life. Not many people know what global warming or the ozone layer actually is. The ozone layer is a layer in the earth s stratosphere that absorbs most of the ultra violet rays from the sun. Global warming is the progressive optimization in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere. Carbon dioxide levels have a major effect on the earth’s overall temperature. For 650,000 years the carbon level has fluctuated between 160 and 300 parts per million. 1950 to 2014 is when it immediately skyrocketed to 400 and continues to increase today . About thirty years ago scientists unearthed a hole in the ozone layer. The ozone layer hole is not a complete holeShow MoreRelatedClimate Change : Global Warming, And The Disappearing Of The Ozone Layer862 Words   |  4 PagesDid you know that with all this talk about global warming, and the disappearing of the ozone layer, the root of the problem is us? Yes, we’re the cause of all those problems. We keep putting something called greenhouse gases into the air. 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Not only are humans being affected, but many species and organisms are as well. Naturally, the Earth experiences heating and cooling cyc les, and has over time. The ice age is a great example of a cooling cycle that was rather extreme. Since the industrial revolution, the amount of greenhouse gases has increased and built up in the atmosphere over time (Weart, 2015). The climate changes are being caused by the heat that is trapped in theRead MoreEssay on OZONE DEPLETION BY HUMAN’S ACTIONS1659 Words   |  7 PagesOZONE DEPLETION BY HUMAN’S ACTIONS The ozone layer is a very important component in the atmosphere. Ozone is not the same as the oxygen humans breathe. There is very little of this gas in the atmosphere. First off, let’s begin with a definition of the ozone layer. Ozone is a hot, slightly bluish gas. It is a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms, which are very similar to the molecule we are familiar with (O2), the molecule needed for human respiration. Despite the major smog problemRead MoreVolcanic Eruptions and the Atmosphere956 Words   |  4 Pageseffect, the depletion of the Ozone layer, and global warming related to the emission of greenhouse gases. The haze effect is defined as when â€Å"Suspended particles, such as dust and ash†¦block out the earths sunlight, thus reducing solar radiation and lowering mean global temperatures.†( http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/climate_effects.html) While this statement holds true, it was found that it was not only the dust particles that caused lowering mean global temperatures, but it was alsoRead MoreThe Global Warming Debate On Our World880 Words   |  4 Pagesnews has been reporting that global warming is fake and that it is not caused by human activity but rather by natural causes. Further, this global warming debate has been an ongoing battle between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. 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Bill McKibben, an environmentalist, takes the global warming to be a world war that the world is losingRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects985 Words   |  4 PagesScarleth Garrido Ramos Environmental Science Professor Mahoney 11/11/14 Global Warming Over the last few decades global warming has become one of the biggest environmental issues of all times. Every year, global warming gets worse and it’s affecting the way people live, it is affecting the atmosphere in general, and other living organisms in our planet. Global warming is the gradual and increasing rise of the overall temperature of the Earth caused by the greenhouse effect due to the increased levelsRead MoreOzone Depletion Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagesproblem you would think of is the depletion of the ozone layer. However, it could be the most serious problem we are facing today. The ozone is a layer of gas that forms a protective covering in the Earth’s upper atmosphere. This layer of gas is slowly diminishing each day, and causes a great concern to our safety. There are many reasons why this depletion is occurring, and chemistry is playing a huge role into helping solve this problem. Ozone composed of three oxygen atoms is an extremely reactive

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Recruitment and Retention of Minority Officers an Example of the Topic Foreign Essays by

Recruitment and Retention of Minority Officers Abstract Overt racism, past and present, contributes to social and residential segregation, thereby isolating minorities at every income level from white society. Because of such isolation, minorities are vulnerable, by exclusion, to selection by personal connections. The negative impact of qualification standards in employment is sustained by racially biased funding of education and training resources and by the cumulative racist impact of such practices as tracking in schools. Minorities suffer the adverse effects of seniority based promotion and layoff because of past racist hiring of whites ahead of minorities. Institutional racism also reinforces future racism by contributing to the disproportionate presence of minorities at the bottom of employment--a presence that helps perpetuate the racist attitude that minorities are inherently inferior. White notions of minority people have been formed in a social world where minorities visibly predominate at these bottom levels. Thus they have lab ored--and continue to labor--as maids and porters, at "hot, heavy, and dirty" jobs in the foundries and paint pits of the auto plants, the boiler rooms of utilities, the dusty basements of tobacco factories, and in the murderous heat of the steel mills' coke ovens. Need essay sample on "Recruitment and Retention of Minority Officers" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The neutral procedures that have had the greatest racist impact within employment are selection by (1) personal connections, (1) qualification standards, and (3) seniority status. Reliance by employers on friends, relatives, and neighbors-their own or their workers'--has powerful racist impact--first, because of its paramount importance in the world of work, second, because of its links to overt racism. Numerous studies of workers--blue and white collar, professional and technical--indicate that communicating job information to family, friends, neighbors, and acquaintances by word of mouth is probably the most widely used recruitment method. Vocational counselors emphasize the importance of making contacts through personal connections. Job seekers know the value of having friends in the department of their choice. Referral unions that influence or control hiring for many well-paid jobs in such industries as construction, printing, publishing, and transportation commonly recruit through personal contacts. Because, for the most part, minorities and whites live as two separate societies, it is not surprising that minorities suffer because of selection by personal contacts. Lacking ties to whites as family, friends, fellow students, neighbors, or club members, minorities tend to be isolated from the networks in which connections to desirable employment--where whites predominate--are forged. (Dana Y. Takagi, 1992). Hence minorities have been outside the channels leading to well paid jobs controlled by the predominantly white referral unions that recruit by word of mouth. Family or friends had virtually automatic preference for membership cards in such overwhelmingly white labor organizations as the Ironworkers' Union. Such recruitment by referral unions contributed to the virtual exclusion of minorities from employment on public construction projects until affirmative action enforcement brought some improvement in the recruitment and retention of minorities. Minorities also lack personal connections to residents of all-white suburbs where many new jobs have been created. That adverse effect on minorities is exacerbated when suburban employers rely on "walk-in" applicants from these white neighborhoods. Because whites disproportionately occupy elected government office, especially the more powerful positions, minorities suffer from the widespread use of political patronage to distribute government jobs. Although the lack of personal connections to the job market is in most cases an institutional barrier to employment for minorities, it arises in large part from segregation created by overtly racist practices. The segregation of minorities in schools, housing, accommodations, and public and private facilities was imposed by whites throughout the nation, either in ready conformity to explicitly racial laws or to the silent toleration of violence against minorities who dared to cross racial barriers. Today widespread segregation continues as an inherited social structure, excluding minorities from white residential areas and neighborhood schools, where they might develop white connections leading to employment. That structure of "ghettoization" is sustained by pervasive housing discrimination against minorities who wish to move into white areas. The isolation of minorities from white society is also sustained by widespread racist attitudes that exclude minorities from white clubs and social circles where networks leading to jobs are formed. Even mild unconscious racial prejudice tends to cut minorities off from relations of friendship and intimacy with whites. (D. Keith Denton, 1992). Recruitment and retention by personal connections also tends to keep minorities at the bottom of the occupational ladder. Because individuals often hear of openings in their own kind of work, they tend to funnel such information to relatives and acquaintances. Thus both black and white workers informally recruit to their types of jobs. Because minorities are disproportionately represented in bottom level positions, their personal recruitment tends to maintain occupational segregation. Continued perception of minorities in menial, undesirable jobs reinforces the racist conception that minorities belong there. Thus, although selection by personal connections is intrinsically free of bias, its ties to overt racism--past, present, and future--justify characterization of its adverse impact on minorities as racist impact. Although black-white inequality of educational attainment has been substantially reduced in some respects, such as in the amount of schooling received and the level of reading, nevertheless requirements for a college diploma and for adequate test scores continue to exclude minorities from employment and from postgraduate schools that provide training for desirable positions. Similarly, requirements for certain work experience and vague personality traits have a negative impact in employment. Overt racism, especially in its contribution to segregating minorities from whites throughout society, makes a significant contribution to the racist impact of qualification requirements on minorities. Millions of black persons still in the labor force today attended legally segregated public schools in seventeen southern states and the District of Columbia, where a presumption of black inferiority--destructive to their self-confidence--was pervasive, and where, because of gross discrimination in funding, black schools were invariably inferior. Many minorities are excluded by requirements for work experience because as students they had been barred from white schools where relevant training was available or had been denied work experience and training by prejudiced supervisors and employers. (Cheryl Holcomb-Mccoy, Carla Bradley, 2003) Overt housing discrimination affecting all economic classes of minorities works indirectly to reduce the achievement of black youngsters by contributing to the significant racial segregation of neighborhood schools. The positive effect of socialization within white families on black children's test scores is indicated in a comparative study of black children adopted by middle-class parents, white and black. The children adopted by white middle-class parents scored significantly higher on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children than did the children adopted by black middle-class parents. The scoring difference is of the magnitude "typically found between the average scores of black and white children." Our Customers Often Tell Us: How much do I have to pay someone to make my assignment today? Essay writers suggest: Academic Papers For Students Collage Papers For Sale Professional Writer For Hire Custom Writing Service Professional Academic Writing Services The racist impact of qualification requirements in employment is the terminus of a cumulative impact that begins in school. Black students are vulnerable to traditional practices such as standardized testing and tracking--that is, ability grouping in schools--which place them disproportionately at the bottom level, sometimes at a very early age, where, deprived of educational resources and instruction in higher-order skills, they have little possibility of moving up. In the job market the vulnerability of minorities to qualification requirements is exacerbated when employers insist on credentials such as higher-education diplomas that are not related to work performance. Such requirements have had a severe effect on black employment. Irrelevant testing excluded minorities even from such dead-end work as dishwashing. An important race-neutral qualification standard in the academic marketplace is published research. Taking Harvard University as an example, sociologist Thomas Pettigrew shows how this requirement adversely affects black candidates. In the 1930s, Harvard developed criteria for tenured faculty appointment, which included scholarly publication. The purpose was to ensure a faculty of high quality. Publication requirements, however, worked against the recruitment of black professors because the majority taught heavy course loads in predominantly black colleges, which limited their time for research and writing. This concentration of minorities in predominantly black colleges has links to a racist past, because black academics were initially excluded by racist attitudes from many white departments. Hence in the 1970s, when some predominantly white universities following affirmative action requirements sought black professors, black college faculty were less able to fill their race-neutral publication requirements. (Gregory B. Lewis, Samantha L. Durst, 1995). Although qualification requirements are intrinsically bias-free, they can be manipulated by racist employers and union officials to exclude minorities. Thus while some employers who set irrelevant higher education requirements may simply have undue reverence for diplomas, many are not unhappy that their requirements tend to keep minorities out. According to one legal scholar, raising qualification criteria has been a "common device of employers and construction unions" when, because of civil rights law, hiring and promotion of minorities appeared likely. Vague subjective standards, such as "fitting in," "personality," "vigor," and "self-confidence"--widely used for promotion-easily serve racial prejudice. In Rowe v. General Motors Co., the court stated that promotion procedures that depend on "subjective evaluation" by immediate supervisors are a "ready mechanism" for covert race discrimination. The court expressed skepticism that minorities, dependent on whites for decisive recommendation, can expect impartiality. Seniority status determines promotion, layoff, and job termination for vast numbers of employees: professionals, managers, clericals, skilled, and unskilled workers. Seniority systems have brought significant benefits to American workers. Promotion based on seniority enables harmony, cooperation, and solidarity to replace an ugly scramble for advancement over one's co-workers. Seniority-determined layoff protects workers against arbitrary dismissal due to an employer's whim, malice, or prejudice. Strengthened by such security, many workers have gained in dignity and self-esteem and are less tempted to pander to supervisors or accept humiliating conditions. An older auto worker told me that before the union had negotiated a seniority system his supervisor would invite subordinates over on Sunday to mow his lawn. With the protection of a seniority system, workers can demand to be treated with a measure of respect. Egalitarian philosophers, that is, those committed to equal economic rew ard, may note that seniority-based benefit systems constitute a significant egalitarian substructure in the hierarchy of employment. Insofar as seniority determines promotion, pay, and job security, protected employees tend to gain equally throughout their working lives. But seniority, in itself race-neutral, has disproportionately benefited white workers. Hired in most cases ahead of minorities, whites halve enjoyed higher seniority status. Minorities felt the racist impact of such past hiring discrimination when, as less senior, they were less likely to gain promotion and more likely to lose their jobs in economic recessions. In the 1970s minorities, hired under affirmative action programs in private and public employment (e.g., as teachers, police, and firefighters), were devastated by seniority-based layoffs--a consequence of three recessions and severe government budget cutbacks. Such layoffs threaten minorities again in the 1990s. As job losers, minorities tend to move down to unskilled temporary work or to no work at all. This downward move is facilitated by their lack of significant financial assets, which often makes job retraining unfeasible. Whites have eleven times the wealth of minorities; one-third of all minorities have no major assets whatsoever except for cash on hand. Thus seniority-based layoffs of minorities, including those hired because of affirmative action programs, increases the concentration of minorities at the bottom of the occupational ladder or among the unemployed, thereby reinforcing the racist stereotype of minorities as inferior. Although long-term black employees have the benefit of high seniority ranking, after the 1964 Civil Rights Act many continued to suffer the racist impact of departmental seniority arrangements. Under such arrangements, a worker who transfers from one department to another loses all seniority credit. Although departmental seniority is a race-neutral practice, it perpetuates the victimizing effect of past overtly racist job assignment. Newly hired minorities in northern and southern plants had traditionally been assigned to segregated departments where they labored in the most undesirable, low-paying jobs, for example, at garbage disposal, the blast furnaces and the coke ovens, and in the foundries. After the 1964 Civil Rights Act, black workers could no longer be legally prevented from transfer to the better, white departments. But under departmental seniority arrangements, transfers were stripped of all seniority, and so they descended to the bottom rung for promotion and layoff. Thu s minorities naturally tended to remain in the racially segregated departments, where they had originally been assigned by biased company supervisors. (Willie Brisco, Charlotte Forh, Vic Haynes, Barbara Wheeler, 2004) Today, while some minorities have moved on up, it is still true that the more disagreeable the job, the greater the chance of finding a high proportion of minorities doing it. The racially exclusionary impact of race-neutral policies on employment also contributes to the official black unemployment rate as perpetually double that of whites, thereby reinforcing the racist view of minorities as unwilling to work. Thus these race neutral policies function as social mechanisms through which the victimizing effects of overt racism, past and present, continue to keep minorities at the bottom levels of employment. Learn more: Cyber BullyingOccupational Safety and Health AdministrationThe Roles and Barriers of Curriculum Leaders References: Cheryl Holcomb-Mccoy, Carla Bradley (2003). Recruitment and Retention of Ethnic Minority Counselor Educators: An Exploratory Study of CACREP-Accredited Counseling Programs; Counselor Education and Supervision, Vol. 42 D. Keith Denton (1992). Recruitment, Retention, and Employee Relations: Field-Tested Strategies for the '90s; Quorum Books Dana Y. Takagi (1992). The Retreat from Race: Asian-American Admissions and Racial Politics; Rutgers University Press Gregory B. Lewis, Samantha L. Durst (1995). Will Locality Pay Solve Recruitment and Retention Problems in the Federal Civil Service? Public Administration Review, Vol. 55 Willie Brisco, Charlotte Forh, Vic Haynes, Barbara Wheeler (2004). Minority Recruitment: For the 21st Century; Corrections Today, Vol. 66, August