African American History During The 19th Century Essay

The texts taken together describe the development of African Americans from the 16th century to the 19th century. They reveal how their status changed to one of complete submission and their lower position codified within the law. However they also reveal how they were able to make a difference and help secure their own freedom. Common themes present in the texts are resistance and creolization. The texts are significant in that they show how African Americans were able to adapt to life in America. How they were able to make the most of the cheap food that was available to them and attempt to negotiate a place for themselves and their families. However, they also make it abundantly clear that the enslaved did not meekly submit to the injustices forced upon them and that they instead resisted whenever possible whether openly or in a more subtle way. The texts collectively describe the development of African American History from the colonial era to the American Civil War. They begin with the Creoles who were intermediaries â€Å"between African merchants and European Sea Captains.† Their mixed heritage gave them an advantage because they were able â€Å"to transcend the confines of particular nations.† Unfortunately for them, this also made them more vulnerable due to their being effectively stateless. Creoles along with Africans from the interior were transported as slaves to the Americas. In spite of this they attempted to maintain as much independence as possible with varyingShow MoreRelatedAmericanization of Foods: Food is traditionally considered as a simple means of subsistence but1400 Words   |  6 Pagesgroup customs. In the early 17th and 18th centuries, this mere means of subsistence was considered as a class maker but developed to become a symbol of national identity in the 19th centuries. In the United States, food has been influenced by various cultures such as Native American, Latin America, and Asian cultures. Consequently, Americans have constantly Americanized the foods of different cultures to become American foods. The process on how Americans have Americanized different cultures’ foodsRead More Reconstruction in the 20th Century Essay examples584 Words   |  3 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The beginning of the 20th century was a memorable time in history for the United States. This time period drastically changed our country politically and socially by reform. The Presidents that ruled our country during this era were especially powerful and made many differenc es, women and African Americans were starting to take a stand, and our country was able to make it all the way through the Great Depression. All of these events that took place in the early 1900sRead MoreRelationships And Culture Of Early 19th Century America And Their Ramifications1526 Words   |  7 PagesLong Essay: Relationships of Vulnerable Groups to the Identity and Culture of Early 19th-Century America and their Ramifications Back in the early 1800s, the United States of America had been a country associated with the promise of liberty, autonomy from tyrannical rule, and the unalienable rights specified in the formative Declaration of Independence - life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. As a consequence of the formation of the country and its promises, several diverse groups had flockedRead MoreEssay On How Have We Fail1123 Words   |  5 Pagesand foremost duty to make that vision a reality since these values are the very foundation of America. But throughout history, America has suffered from racism, injustice, exploitation of labor and gender inequality, and is still suffering from such issues to some extent. Events like the establishment of Jim Crow system, thousands of labor strikes throughout the 19th and 20th century and the long struggle of women to earn equal rights only remind us of our failure. The belief that â€Å"all men are createdRead MoreThe Constitution And The American Constitution1141 Words   |  5 Pagesthat they would have to form their own government. Their first official form of government failed, but they learned from their mistakes and promptly followed up by making quite possibly the most successful constitution ever in 1776. To ensure that American citizens would enjoy their new freedom, our founders kept in mind what John Locke had said in his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding â€Å"life, liberty, and property,† by coining â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† into the final draftRead MoreAfrican American And The American1464 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American The beginning of our nation there were many battles between the Native American and the arrives of the European such as the Spanish, The English, The French, and Dutch. In those battle, the Native American had to fight for their lands, they were mistreated, and usually they were called, â€Å"Savage† but Native American weren’t the only people who suffer throughout history. African American, Irish, Mexican, Japaneses , Asian, Germany, Chinese and many more suffer in the hand of the EnglishRead MoreAfrican American History For The Past Century974 Words   |  4 PagesThe African-American History from the Late 19th Century through the Present course was very informative and educational. This course offered a broader view at looking and analyzing the history of African-American in the United States. Though, I have read extensively and possessed a small collection of books on the subject, this course has affirmed what I have already knew as well as elevating my knowledge o n the subject. The course also opened up new ways to look and understand certain facts aboutRead MoreThe Soul of Black Folk and Up from Slavery1030 Words   |  5 PagesThe Soul of Black Folk and Up From Slavery The turn of the 19th century was a time in American history that brought with it major economic, cultural, and political changes. The Reconstruction era and Gilded Age had ended with rising influential Jim Crow laws, which made a clear division among the American population. The publishing of Booker T. Washingtons, Up from Slavery and W. E. B. Du Boiss, The Souls of Black Folk both occurred in the early 1900s when oppression of the black race in AmericaRead MoreOrder 1466 US Domestic Issues And The World Late 19th Early 20th Century744 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: US domestic issues and the world (late 19th-early 20th century) Introduction America has a very rich history when it comes to domestic policies, socioeconomic conditions and culture. The domestic policies, socioeconomics conditions and culture affect all aspect of American peoples’ lives. They shape and define the people identity. However, as world progressed these factors of life began to change taking the modernity culture and some of them began taking differentRead MoreKnowledge Is Power, It Is The Essential Key To Success1587 Words   |  7 Pagesrepeating past failures. The history of African-American journey from ancient times in African to slavery to the civil war and the freeing of the slaves to the present day, seems like a smooth flow, sugar coating the coarse and undeniable bitter experience that was placed out. The idea of saving the nation from the Negro problem to the racial destiny gives a clear picture of the different experiences African-American had endured. A successful African American history professor Khalil Gibran Muhammad

A Study Showing How Individuals in a Team Witnessed or...

This study showed how individuals in a team, witnessed or experienced interpersonal aggression. The main areas that this study was based on was interpersonal aggression and team diversity. Interpersonal aggression is described to be humiliating, denigrating or ignoring a colleague which can take a significant toll on or at the workplace. Studies have shown that employees that go through interpersonal aggression show signs at their workplace, such as health problems, job dissatisfaction and maybe even distress. The purpose of this study was to understand when this aggression occurs, how and why interpersonal aggression occurs. The place that this study was observed by is the workplace of the participants along with its diversity team.†¦show more content†¦Team diversity is used in this study to see each of the individuals in how they operate together in a team or in the same workplace and to see what the individuals can contribute to the group or team. There are three social trends that govern the team diversity in the nursing workplace such as females being prominent in the nursing field, having a slow increase in males in the nursing field and shortage of nurses in the local clinics, opening the opportunities for other minorities and immigrants to have a job. The studys methods were to take the 30 nurses and assess them with questionnaires daily. At least five Registered Nurses had to be assigned to the morning shift three times a week. The nurses in the morning had a choice to control what will happen for the rest of the shifts to make a change in the routine, like a paradigm shift, to see a result if an interpersonal aggression will occur.When it came to the race, sex, and age those factors did not have any change in the study. Like many other studies, a demographic information was taken along with the distribution of questionnaires. The interpersonal aggression was measured by the questionnaire that touched upon the aggressive behavior that hap pened during their shift either to them or to another person. When they had separated the information for the team diversity there was no significance and their hypothesis only proved partial part ofShow MoreRelatedPopular Culture and Violent Behavior Essay11795 Words   |  48 Pagesas: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦accessible to everyone. Popular culture is far more widespread than high culture and in the United Statesand in Europe, for example, it is dominated by television, films and recorded popular music. [2] I have chosen to study popular culture and its influence on violent behaviour, because, as is stated in its definition, popular culture is, accessible to everyone. These hugely accessible forms of media influence all of us, everyday, wherever we go. 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Advertising Strategies in Sri Lankan Market Free Essays

string(41) " Singer has done it is other way around\." FMCG Product – Panadol Advertisement Most of Panadol advertisements are really consistent with Brand Identity . This advertisement also carries the brand identity well. When we analysis this advertisement, it is a reinforcement advertisement while educating customers how to use the product. We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising Strategies in Sri Lankan Market or any similar topic only for you Order Now Panadol is mass product but different advertising campaigns run to attract each segment such as middle class customers, upper class customers, children, elders and some sickness and general brand building advertisements. Each campaign is not badly affected on the other segment . If we compare this advertisement with Three wheeler driver and the self-employed mother advertisement we can understand the difference well. But all campaigns carry the Brand identity well. This advertisement was targeted upper middle and upper level customers who are educated enough to decide their OTC drugs without getting doctor’s recommendation. Non educated mother never do it without asking doctor. Brand is more prominent throughout the advertisement. Brand positioning is also well establish in this advertisement. Panadol is trust painkiller for many years in Sri Lanka and people believe it is best solution for small sickness. This advertisement also show the trustiness of happy mother with three children Consumer Insight Consumer insight of this panadol advertisement is that the mother is a family knows about her children well than any other person and mother’s caring is not compare with anybody else. Our mother knows how much we eat, how much we drink, what we need, what we like and dislike and children are so bonded with mother than father. Mother’s primary responsibility to care all her children. She is the family member who decide what and how much for each person. This insight is true in majority of Sri Lankan families. Even elder children are depend on their mother. Sometime, even father is depending on mothers opinion for this kind of situation. Advertising Idea Panadol wanted to use this insight and educate customer to use Panadol as OTC drug for their children without doctors’ prescription. But due to it is drug, they should use the perfect dosage. Therefore , the person who gives medicine for children should be well aware about this. And Mother is the perfect person for this. However, she should follow the age and weight of child to decide the dosage. With panadol box images advertisement well explain the dosage and benefits of the product.. Relevance to Brand and the Consumer It is relevance to brand and consumer both. By educating target customers how to use it as OTC drug, they can achieve the brand targets . it is the perfect way to use the panadol for children. We know for sure, for elders, two panadol is enough. But for children, the ml dosage is varying with the age and weight. Some mothers just do it as doctor prescribe only. But if you know the age and weight we can do it ourselves. This advertisement carry this message to consumer. Every mother knows the age of her children and weight with immunization record book. Further weight measurement for toddler and kids are primary responsibility of mothers. Therefore it is difficult to convince the message and consumer or parents are more confidence about what they give to her child. Use of Symbols and Colors Panadol is a mass product and their advertising campaigns are targeted for each segment. This advertisement was for middle, upper level customers , specially educated mothers to reinforce the brand. They are more forward to take own decision. The mother of the advertisement shows the target market well. Environment of the advertisement school children’s water bottle, and the house environment shows the target market precisely. Orange, red and mixed yellow has used to keep the brand constancy of brand colors. And blue, pink and green used to highlight the children for water bottles. Kitchen, and rack of medicine also indicate the middle and upper level consumers Product and brand is well established in the advertisement. Mother ( model ) is giving high attention to bottle of Panadol and box of panadol is highly emphasizing with the brand. That means brand and the product is the hero of the advertisement. Consumer Learning and Involvement It is a cognitive learning for consumers. They have to understand how to use the product. Before give panadol for little children ( specially infants and kids) mother or parents should know about exact dosage for their child. With the growth of child, dosage is changing. The chart of the box of Panadol well explain it and advertisement also try to get attention to that by high lighting three age limits with different dosage. This product is low involvement product. Customer do not need or research extensively before buying panadol. It is OTC drug more similar to FMCG products. However this advertisement is not fully emotional ad to create emotional feeling of customers.. It is educating customer to think before use Panadol for children by showing how to use panadol for different age. Customer insight is used to bring the emotional feeling with showing mothers’ day today life extend to caring her children. Suggestions to Improve Overall this Panadol advertisement is good enough to educate target customers to use the correct dosage for children and it is mx of rational and emotional advertisement. However there are some improvements can be suggested as well. The model they use for mother is not preciously matching to target audience. If a mother has three children, she should be 30 plus ( average). And this model is too young for the real mother position. They have not use three children there. But use three water bottles and some cartoon dolls to explain about three children. They could use three children from different age limit with situation where they can use Panadol before going to doctor consultation. Such as small increase in temperature etc. Durable Product – Singer Washing Machine Buying a Washing Machine is a high involvement decision and Singer has done it is other way around. You read "Advertising Strategies in Sri Lankan Market" in category "Essay examples" By using customer insight, they have convert this high involvement rational decision to low involvement and more convenience product similar to FMCG product as a gift giving with a surprise to wife. This advertisement is encourage the middle level consumers to buy a washing machine with easy payment option. Consumer Insight In Asian culture including Sri Lanka , middle class house wives are more indirect demanders. They never asking what they need from husband but to expect husband to understand all her needs and fulfill. House wife do all the home work and husband take the responsibility for earning and spending too. Sometimes Spending will do together. But due to wife is not earning, she is more towards to other way. However, every women love to have many electronic items at her home even though it is necessary or not. If we look at middle income level houses, ladies are more towards collecting those durable items. Advertising Idea This advertisement has used this insight of women and the culture to encourage men to think about their wives and fulfill their needs to have better family life. Advertisement shows the difficulty of women face at home which is not always visible to husbands due to they are away from home day time. But wife do great job with caring the come. However, middle income level people do not have the affordability for a washing machine. That is the main reason that wife also not demanding such expensive item, even though she love to have one. Advertisement offer the solution by offering easy payment option. Relevance to Brand and the Consumer Signer is not a premium brand but offer durable products. Therefore depending only on high income earners will not enough and all companies and brands who are in the industry is expending the target market with different approaches. Easy payment option is the best method to encourage this segment. It clearly explained the relevance of product and brand showing the requirement of the product for clothes cleaning. From the point of customer also, it is highly relevant. We all need to clean our clothes and when the number of family members is increasing, this is a major task of house wife’s everyday life. Use of Symbols and Colors This advertisement try to use symbols and colors to convey the message well keeping the brand identity too. To demonstrate the middle income level family they have use the urban flat house. The seriousness of washing and leaning is showing with extended family, wife, husband, one child and grand father too. House wife is well demonstrate, she is cleaning clothes alone and preparing meals and serving to family members. All others are waiting on dining table. Color usage of the advertisement is not very much effective. Blue, yellow and red used for clothes, but it is not consisted wi th the Singer Brand. To demonstrate the consumer insight, they have used the grandfather to create the credibility of the insight ( Ganu Kawada da hitha Kiwwe) Brand and the product is well established. The need of product is highly emphasizing. Showing the actual product and the brand, advertisement try to get the attention from viewers for the brand and product Consumer Learning and Involvement This area is debatable in this advertisement. Normally durable products are high involvement decision making and consumer learning also high. It should be cognitive learning of how to use, benefits, features etc. However , this advertisement is created based on totally consumer insight mention above arose the emotional feeling of consumers to think about house wife. Cognitive learning on this advertisement is to think about, how women think and their expectations. It is persuade to buy the product with easy payment system Suggestions to Improve As explained above , even though this is durable product, it has gone as low involvement product and use the consumer insight of surprising wife with gift giving. It is no argue, this insight is great to influence consumers. However, due to this is not a product which is just use and remove, it should be selected carefully. That message is not deliver through this advertisement. If it can explain the features of benefits, it will be more benefits for their buying decisions. It just say about easy payment method, but customer has to research about it. In that case it is high involvement decision. Further , they should use color in theme to distinguish the brand from other competitor brands. Because easy payment method is not a unique method for them, it is common to all other competitors too. They could use some nice song or music to remind the brand. Service Advertisement – Janashakthi Full Option Janashakthi full Option advertising campaign is encouraging customers to use the full option insurance which bundle some additional services. This campaign is integrated marketing communication campaign and Press advertisement is one medium which is extending from TV commercials. They have taken one last part of the TV commercial and emphasis the services they offer. Consumer Insight This entire campaign has built based on some unexpected difficulties in real life such as days without having daily income is more difficult, unexpected happing at special movement is really embarrassing our lives etc. Advertising Idea This entire advertising campaign based on this insight, when we have difficulties and missing something, our lives are not complete and we are not comfortable as well. Unexpected situations in life may not be avoided. We should have backup plans to make it easy when we face such a situation and insurance is one way to do it. Janashakthi full option offers some benefits to make customers life easy and great. Relevance to Brand and the Consumer Getting customer attention is very important for Brand and the product, motor insurance is highly competitive and need to keep consumers top of awareness is really value. This advertisement is reminding target customers having Full Option policy will make their life easy and great. Consumer also understand the need of insurance policy other than legal requirement. Happiness due to easy life is matter for everyone. Use of Symbols and Colors Usage of symbols to demonstrate the idea is great. They have taken the car rental driver went for wedding hire which is really important. Typical driverhas taken and insurance agents friendly service is well demonstrate with gentleman having hands on driver’s shoulders. Wedding car demonstrate the importance of the service. Color usage is really good by associating brand colors which is Yellow and Black. Logo and brand name is well establish, brand is hero not the models on ad. Services are well noted and contact number given for more information gathering. Consumer learning and involvement Consumer learning is just to get the fear of facing bit embarrassing situations and having the service remove their fears with happy face. Getting a motor insurance policy is little high involvement decision and they need to look at the core benefits and additional benefits they gain before take the policy. However, advertisement is not rational cognitive learning encouragement. It is feel advertisement with emotion and rational combination. Suggestions to Improve Due to Press advertisement, they could give more information to evaluate the service. Press is not like TV commercials creating great emotional feeling. Press is great to educate customers. When we look at this press advertisements, they just mention the services they offer and no much information given. Customer learning is less and if they need, they have to call and get the information. It is better to list the services with some good information to encourage customer to think and evaluate the service. Further this explain only one situation to make the fear on target customers, however, by using graphics , they could create different situations where we face difficult in real life. Combination of TV commercials. If they want to make only emotional appeal. It is the best way. How to cite Advertising Strategies in Sri Lankan Market, Essay examples

Patient Right to Refuse Treatment Essay Sample free essay sample

The jurisprudence recognizes the right of the patient to decline medical intervention. This right includes the refusal of life-saving intervention. which could take to decease. The look of a patient’s refusal could be made either before the disposal of the intervention or at a anterior and advanced clip. good in front of future incompetency ( Michalowski. 2005 ) . The acknowledgment by the jurisprudence of the patient’s right is so strong and resolute. such that the neglect of the patient’s wishes through the disposal of medical intervention despite his refusal would amount to battery ( Michalowski. 2005 ) . The above explained acknowledgment by the jurisprudence on the patient’s right to decline medical intervention reflects the policy of the jurisprudence to acknowledge the liberty of patients. which stands on a higher terms than the involvement of the province to protect the life and wellness of its citizens. However. this does non intend that the province wantonnesss its responsibility to protect its citizens’ lives. Patient liberty would merely be respected if it shows competency to make up ones mind on the portion of the patients. The ground behind this policy is that â€Å"the rule of the holiness of human life must give to the rule of self-government ( Michalowski. 2005 ) . † One issue sing consent or refusal of medical intervention is the rationality of the determination to continue single liberty over the value of holiness of human life. Furthermore. there is the inquiry of the necessary guidelines or marks before it could be decided that that a individual exercised all necessary and rational stairss before he arrived at a determination that could protract or restrict his life. A patient is a individual who has the right to make up ones mind everything that has to make with his ain life. However. together with this right comes the duty to move responsibly. Before a patient’s refusal of medical intervention. it must be ensured that he is competent to do such an of import determination. It must be ensured that he is apprised of all the facts necessary for him to do an intelligent determination. Therefore. the patient must be told about the â€Å"nature and intent of the process. † When doing the determination. the patient must non be influenced by external factors. Finally. it must be made clear that the determination would use to future fortunes ( Michalowski. 2005 ) . An advanced refusal against medical intervention is particularly debatable in state of affairss where the medical intervention is made necessary at a clip that the patient is no longer competent to do determination. In such state of affairss. the doctor can no longer measure the competency of the patient at the clip that the advanced directive was made. Therefore. it is hard to find the cogency and pertinence of such advanced directive. The ambiguity extends to the significance attached by the patient to the advanced directive at the clip that he executed it. There is no agency of determining the specific extent of the advanced directive ( Michalowski. 2005 ) . The finding of the cogency and pertinence of advanced directives is really critical because of the far-reaching effects that would ensue if the issue is decided in either way ( Murphy. 2005 ) . On the one manus. if the physician errs in favour of continuing life. he runs the hazard of being accused and prosecuted for battery. since the disposal of unwanted medical intervention would represent a misdemeanor of a patient’s liberty and unity as a individual. Furthermore. such determination might reprobate the patient to an undignified or intolerable life that he does non desire in the first topographic point ( Michalowski. 2005 ) . It is a policy to guarantee that the medical attention received by the patients be consistent with their penchants. if the rule of patient liberty would be given full consequence and significance. Despite the accent on single liberty in decision-making sing medical interventions. there are some who are concerned about the grounds behind any determination of a patient on this issue ( Winzelberg. Hanson A ; Tulsky. 2005 ) . Therefore. it is recognized that the determination of a patient to decline present or future medical intervention might be influenced by assorted factors such as his cultural and racial backgrounds. age. fiscal capableness. and cognitive abilities. These factors could cut down the competency of a patient in make up ones minding on the affair of whether medical intervention should be continued or non ( Winzelberg. Hanson A ; Tulsky. 2005 ) . Therefore. there is a demand to better the system of decision-making for patients to guarantee that there is no duress or other external factors act uponing his determination. thereby guaranting that single liberty is respected. One suggestion is to follow schemes in decision-making to guarantee patient liberty. Another suggestion is to better the communicating system between the patient and the physician in this phase of intervention so that the household would acquire aid in acquiring sufficient information about the unwellness of the patient. Such information is necessary before the patient could get at an intelligent determination sing his life ( Winzelberg. Hanson A ; Tulsky. 2005 ) . One issue about patient’s right to decline intervention involves the power and the right of kid patients to either consent or garbage intervention. In the same manner that the competency of incompetent grownups to make up ones mind at the clip that they executed their advanced directives could non be easy determined. the consent to intervention of kids below 16 old ages is non easy discoverable ( Parekh. 2006 ) . Similarly with grownups. there is a demand to find whether the consent or refusal of a kid towards medical intervention was given by a competent individual who could intelligently do a determination. However. in the present province of the jurisprudence. kids are non wholly considered to the full independent. such that they are merely allowed to give their consent to intervention but non to decline it ( Parekh. 2006 ) . In the instance of kids. there is no given of competency. Children are non believed to hold the necessary modules to understand all the deductions of their determinations. Therefore. the best involvement of the kid is frequently used to warrant their deficiency of engagement in the decision-making procedure when make up ones minding end-of-life determinations ( Parekh. 2006 ) . While it is true that there is cause for concern with respect to kids and their decision-making capacity. certain actions could be done to guarantee that kids are to the full informed of the state of affairs and the effects of their options. For illustration. kids could be informed of the medical. ethical and societal positions relevant to the state of affairs at manus. Thereafter. their liberty should be respected and their will should non be replaced by that of their parents or defenders. Bing the proprietors of their ain lives and organic structures. kids are no less human existences whose liberty should be respected in the same manner as grownups ( Parekh. 2006 ) . Therefore. while parental consent may be of import in any determination arrived at by minor kids. parents’ sentiment should merely be directory and non compulsory. Children. peculiarly those with terminal unwellnesss. should be accorded the right to make up ones mind whether they should force through with the hard and painful intervention procedure or succumb to their unwellness without fall backing to life-saving medical interventions ( Derish A ; Heuvel. 2000 ) . Mentions Prince alberts. W. M. ( 2007 ) . Follow up and surveillance of the patient with lung malignant neoplastic disease: What make you make after surgery?Respirology 12. 16-21 Derish. M. T. A ; Heuvel. K. V. ( 2000 ) . Mature Minor leagues Should Have the right to Refuse Life-Sustaining Medical Treatment.Journal of Law. Medicine A ; Ethical motives 28. 109- 124. Michalowski. S. ( 2005 ) . Advance Refusals of Life-Sustaining Medical Treatment: The Relativity of an Absolute Right.The Modern Law Review Limited 68( 6 ) . 958-982. Murphy. P. ( 2005 ) . Are Patients’ Decisions to Refuse Treatment Binding on Health Care Professionals?Bioethicss 19( 3 ) . 189-201. Parekh. S. A. ( 2006 ) . Child consent and the jurisprudence: an penetration and treatment into the jurisprudence associating to consent and competency. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. .Child: attention. wellness and development 33( 1 ) . 78-82. Stuhmiller. D. F. E. . Cudnik. M. T. . Sundhelm. S. M. . Threlkeld. M. S. A ; Collins. Jr. . T. E. ( 2005 ) . Adequacy of Online Medical Command Communication and Emergency Medical Services Documentation of Informed Refusals.Acad Emerg Med 12( 10 ) . 970-977. Winzelberg. G. S. . Hanson. L. C. A ; Tulsky. J. A. ( 2005 ) . Beyond Autonomy: Diversifying End-of-Life Decision-Making Approaches to Serve Patients and Families.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 53. 1046-1050.

Who Defines Normality and Abnormality free essay sample

Who defines the concepts of normality and abnormality? When we look around at the people that surround us, we expect to see a person with two eyes, two ears, hair, nose, mouth, bones, etc. This, In our minds, Is a picture of a normal human being. The food we eat, the places we go to, the person we marry, and the culture we live in, defines what Is normal from our point of view. Today there are various definitions that are used by psychologists and people In general for defining abnormal and normal behavior.Of course, these definitions are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Social norm violation: Breaking social rules. Most of our behavior Is shaped by social norms Imposed by the society we live In. There are some cultural expectations about the right and wrong way to do things. Someone who frequently violates these unwritten rules is seen as abnormal. This is a very powerful and persuasive definition. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Defines Normality and Abnormality? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is seemingly common-sense. Norms are so deeply ingrained they seem absolute. In addition, even in a single society such as Romania. Here are a multitude of subcultures. Add to this the fact that norms change through the years so that whats normative in one generation, may not be in another. We are left with a single society where there are no clear norms that apply across all individuals. This definitional stance implies that normality is the same as conformity to the mainstream, when in fact there are many streams. The term abnormality thus loses any firm referent. It is worth mentioning that the definition of normal and abnormal is culturally based.Obviously, social norms vary from one cultural to another. L. Real life situation: female circumcision The first real life situation we will debate on is female circumcision. Nowadays we have liberated ourselves from the restrictions of the morality in the past. When trying to define concepts such as normality and abnormality we must be aware of the little nuances that these defenseless might Imply. Unconventional, non- conformist, bizarre or even weird also suggest a deviation from what we consider to be normal, but It does not go Into the other extreme.Who Defines Normality and Abnormality? By savage with two eyes, two ears, hair, nose, mouth, bones, etc. This, in our minds, is a picture and the culture we live in, defines what is normal from our point of view. Today there are various definitions that are used by psychologists and people in general for our behavior is shaped by social norms imposed by the society we live in. There are of the little nuances that these definitions might imply. Unconventional, non- be normal, but it does not go into the other extreme.

Free Essays on Leibniz Moral Philosophy

, the deeds that promote more perfection in the world will also produce greater pleasure. Things, which produce good in themselves, will satisfy only the temporary needs while the deeds which will, in time, result to bigger amounts of perfection, will produce more lasting pleasures. In Leibniz's moral theory psychological egoism is reconciled with the possibility of altruism. It is also vital to have knowledge of the good and evil. Therefore we should get as much right knowledge as we can in order to recognize good as we see it. When we are enlightened enough, we are able to see what action brings about the most perfection. For this need Leibniz was interested in logic and reasoning. He dreamed of an universal... Free Essays on Leibniz' Moral Philosophy Free Essays on Leibniz' Moral Philosophy Leibniz had already developed the main characteristics of his moral philosophy. His ethics is thus of early origin. Ethics has a very central, not to say central, part in Leibniz's thought. Values are to him a central way of reflecting universal harmony besides theoretical knowledge. Leibniz's moral philosophy stayed relatively unchanged through his life while his other doctrines changed considerably by time. Leibniz sought to systematize moral philosophy, to analyze it to the most simple principles. Leibniz thought that will or our inner desire or desire to do something is central in human action. In Leibniz's doctrine will means active striving to some goal, which follows the subject's conceptions (opinio) of good and evil. This goal is the apparent good to the subject in question. And the apparent good is dependent on knowledge. As we know more, our judgment will refine and we can recognize greater goods. Goodness is the goal of decisions. Good is that which leads to ple! asure. According to Leibniz, we get pleasure out of realizing that we do virtuous deeds and at the same time promote universal perfection. That which serves to the perfection of intelligent substances will also contribute to their pleasure. In other words, the deeds that promote more perfection in the world will also produce greater pleasure. Things, which produce good in themselves, will satisfy only the temporary needs while the deeds which will, in time, result to bigger amounts of perfection, will produce more lasting pleasures. In Leibniz's moral theory psychological egoism is reconciled with the possibility of altruism. It is also vital to have knowledge of the good and evil. Therefore we should get as much right knowledge as we can in order to recognize good as we see it. When we are enlightened enough, we are able to see what action brings about the most perfection. For this need Leibniz was interested in logic and reasoning. He dreamed of an universal...

The Points Based System makes migration work for Britain Essay

The Points Based System makes migration work for Britain - Essay Example Second, regulation of migration has become necessary in the face of the threat of terrorism and abuse (Sutherland, 2009). Third, to protect the interests of the citizens of Britain and the society. Combining all these factors together, it becomes clear why there is a ongoing effort from various sectors of the government in coming up with plans and programmes that will limit the influx of migrant applicants without discouraging those talented people who are needed in UK and contribute to UK’s economy. In order to achieve this end, one of several measures that have been undertaken is the implementation of the Point Based System. The Point Based System is primarily intended to replace the ‘80 work permits and entry scheme’. The ‘80 work permits and entry scheme’ are the 80 different ways and routes that can be used if one seeks to work, study to train in UK. This migration policy has been developed piecemeal depending on whatever need arises (Casciani, 2 008). In this regard, the migration network of UK is considered complex. However, with the implementation of the Point Based System, the 80 scheme is superseded, and it has made UK migration system a lot simpler and more effective in identifying people and talents that are needed in UK. As such, the Point based System will make it easier and faster for employers and education to identify the people that they will need. In the Point Based System, the more skills the person has, and the more the skills, that the person has is in demand, the higher the points that one gets, thus increasing the likelihood that the person may enter UK. In this regard, the Point Based System intends to identify and attract workers that can contribute most to UK, to achieve a more efficient and transparent system of application, increased support from employers and educational organization, thereby increasing g compliance and reducing abuse and finally, it seeks to curb low skilled workers from outside EU (www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk). This set up is patterned after Australian Point System, which is considered as one of the simplest and most effective migration in the world. The system will not affect the mobility of European Union workers (Casciani, 2008). The Point Based System is made up of five tiers. Tier One: Highly Skilled. In this tier, the most skilled can have the opportunity to enter UK even without any job offers or employee certification. This means that if the application is successful, then the applicant can have the right to immigrate to UK and have full and free access to the employment market. This includes scientists, doctors, entrepreneurs and business people. As such, a successful applicant under Tier 1 will be permitted to live and work in the UK, seek and undertake employment, establish business, make a substantial investment, or be self-employed (www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk). There are four classifications under Tier 1; general visa, post study work visa, entrep reneur visa and the investor visa. A minimum of 80 points is required to qualify in Tier 1 general visa. The categories in which points are awarded include age, qualifications and earnings. This tier offers the opportunity for the successful applicant in becoming naturalise British citizen. Tier Two: Skilled Work Permits. This is similar with the previous work permit scheme. This tier intends to cater to people who have

How do you see the MBA degree contributing the applicants achievement Essay

How do you see the MBA degree contributing the applicants achievement of management progression in his or her organization - Essay Example This strategy is based on his real analysis of the market conditions. Having done his homework, he then implements the strategy in actual sense. He works hard and takes all the efforts to succeed. This in turn helps the organization to be successful and achieve its targets. The MBA degree imbibes the habits of success in the candidate's psyche, which he/she keeps on implementing where he/she goes. The candidate learns a lot about finance, which helps him understand the prevalent economic conditions of not only his organization but also the whole market. He also learns about professional organizational practices, which he implements in his organization. He learns about the general human behavior patterns and tackles his subordinates, his colleagues and bosses in proper manner without hurting anybody even in a slight manner. The candidate learns about leadership qualities and develops those qualities in him. He leads the organization by an example making it highly successful. He keeps all his colleagues and subordinates happy and creates ample opportunities for them. At the same time he also sees that his organization contributes towards the social causes. There are clear signs of confidence on the face of applicant who has finished his MBA. His attire is carefully selected and face cleaned is shaved and smile on it makes his presence pleasurable.

Strategic Decision Making (Team) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Decision Making (Team) - Essay Example The four provocative scenarios identified for tertiary education are traditional, marginal open, marginal elitist and ambient. Traditional and marginal open scenarios represent societies of low knowledge intensities while marginal elitist and ambient represent societies of high knowledge intensities. The first scenario is where TES perpetuates specialization, compartmentalization and exclusivity. Under this, we have the traditional and marginal elitist scenarios. According to Dator (2002), TES institutions in the traditional scenario function in communities where knowledge intensity of life has not changed much and the role played by institutions of tertiary education like colleges and universities remain the same as in the past. Istance et al (2003) explain that in his scenario, TES will continue with its traditional functions in research and teaching and there are many organizational responses to the increasing demand for research and specialized skills. However, research continues to mix profit and non-profit while teaching is mainly directed by the mass-model of compulsory secondary education (Brown and Paul 1998). From a functional perspective, TES maintains its position along traditional lines as the chief source of upper level research, teaching, certification and legitimate claims of knowledge. TES is in control of the overall flow of knowledge. This is because a larger percentage of researchers are still university and for knowledge to be deemed valuable, some form of benediction from within TES is still required (Inayatullah and Gidley 2000). In the Marginal Elitist Scenario, there is dramatic change in the socio-economic context yet TES institutions and their way of functioning do not change. Because of this, TES becomes marginal backwater and elitist bastion (Fullan 2003). With desperation, the past approaches to knowledge try to insist on past glory and their pride of place resulting to a small role in overall research

Analysing Person Centred Planning

Analysing Person Centred Planning The articles used in this annotated bibliography focus on person-centred planning and they explain the steps involved in devising the plan and ensuring that it is carried out. It describes all of the significant topics necessary to a plan; a few examples are wills and estate planning, the Henson Trust and individualized funding. The articles focus on the fact that people with developmental disabilities should have the same rights and same choices as the rest of the population and be a causal member of their community and society as a whole. Person-centred planning places complete control of the planning process and on the person with the disability. However, it offers assistance and pertinent information to the person, so that he or she is able to make informed decisions independently. Individualized Funding: Vision, Rights and Principles. (1997, June 8,9). Retrieved January 18, 2011,from Individualized Funding Information Resources: http://members.shaw.ca/ bsalisbury/IF%20%20Visions,%20 Rights%20%20Princi ples.htm This article represents and defines the goal of individualized funding (IF). It inspires people who need support to become dynamic and full participators of society, to having individual access to the services elected by them. This empowers them to live independent lives, as set out by the individualized funding. Individualized funding offers resources which persons consider significant in order to contribute as a citizen of society. Individualized funding is payable solely to the individual who needs support or trusted representative and focuses on the needs of the person. IF is also transferable in and across regional borders, ministries and departments of government.Advantages of IF are that it is not based on privilege or assessment, nor does it regulate funding limits by classifications or categories. Individualized funding is also concentrated on the funds an individual needs for community living. However, the needs do include well-being, safety, mobility and citizenship. This article is extremely encouraging to people who need support, as it delivers the message of community living through choices, and strives to develop a community, which is inclusive of all people. Planning Tools and Techniques. (2003). Retrieved January 21, 2010, from The Special Needs Planning Group: http://www.specialneedsplanning .ca/tools.html##h The Henson Trust originated in Guelph, Ontario in the early 1980à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s by a man named Leonard Henson who had a daughter with a developmental disability. It is also referred to as Absolute Trust and Discretionary Trust. This article covers the explanation and the history of the Henson Trust. It was begun so that people with developmental disabilities could retain their assets as well as preserving their ODSP benefits when they become the beneficiary of a will. Keeping their assets allows more financial freedom to choose where and how they would like to live. The article does not refer to whether or not the Henson Trust is limited to the parents of a person with a disability. However, it does offer an irreplaceable description of the Henson Trust and the story of how it became. Through perseverance and love for his daughter, one man created the Henson Trust, which today benefits all people with disabilities by preserving their right to keep their assets whi le receiving ODSP benefits. Wills for people with an intellectual disability. (2004, September). Retrieved February 13, 2011, from Intellectual Disability Rights Service: http://www.idrs.org.au /pubs/for-pwid.html This article contains information on wills, and the fact that everyone has the right to choose if they want one, including people with an intellectual disability. There are a lot of choices and decisions to be made when an individual desires a will. The article addresses all people, and contains additional information for persons with an intellectual disability who would like a will. The article describes the steps that lead to the writing of a will, explains additional steps, which a person with an intellectual disability needs to take, such as having a formal assessment of capacity performed on them, to decrease the possibility of the will being contested once the will maker is deceased. A formal assessment of capacity would prove that the will maker fully understood what he or she was doing at the time the will was drawn up and signed. Due to the abundance of information just mentioned, I do not feel as though this article is missing any pertinent information regarding wills and e state choices. Daegher, L. (2007). Planning for the Future: People with a disability. Retrieved January 20, 2011, from Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs: http://www.fahcsia.gov.au /sa/carers/pubs/Documents/ PeopleWithDisability /Planning_for_the_Future.pdf This article contains invaluable education on Future Planning for a people with developmental disabilities. While planning for a family member with a developmental disabilitysà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ future, it is imperative to realize the aspirations and dreams of the person, along with the hopes of the family in this matter. This helps to create a view of how her or his future may be, and develop a scheme to carry it out. Locating information to support them in making choices may be restricted to lawyers and financial planners, who lack experience and knowledge in future planning for a person with a developmental disability. The planning should be inclusive of all the family membersà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ needs, presently and in the future, while staying focused on the needs of the individual with the developmental disability, and including and valuing their insight and opinions. The article is very informative and offers a lot of advice and freedom of choice t o the person with the disability as well as his or her family. OBrien, J., Pearpoint, J. (1946). Person Centered Planning With Maps and Path: A Workbook for Facilitators. Toronto: Inclusion Press. This article explains what maps and paths are and how they relate to person centred planning. Maps and Paths are a means of recuperating lost dreams and providing hope and choices by bringing people together to envision and act upon having meaningful and productive futures. Maps and Paths is spiritual, which is why it cannot be bureaucratized, and is used to help all persons. Person centred planning requires facilitators to sincerely listen to individuals hopes and fears. Maps and Paths places control on the individual, as long as it is ethical. The article is simple to understand very descriptive of what Maps and Paths is, when we use it, (an example is when we experience challenges in life and need support), and the fact that it has more than one definition to it. It focuses on the facilitators sharing power with people rather than trying to exhibit power over them. Maps and Paths vision addresses the individuals. Byrnes, F. (2011). Philosophy of Developmental Disabilities Services. Retrieved February 11, 2011, from Article Doctor Health and Fitness Articles: http://www.articledoctor.com/ developmental-disabilities/philosophy-of- developmental -disabilities-services-1679 This article portrays Competence and the importance of it in regards to persons with developmental disabilities. Developmental disabilities services follow a certain viewpoint, which helps an affected person to live a better life. Broadly speaking, the attitude of Developmental disabilities services is generally constant with a set of governing principles and the guiding principles of service. Among the governing principles of most such services is one, which says that persons with developmental disabilities will be able to communicate to their families, friends and communities according to their choice. Affected persons should be as independent as possible and be in a position to regulate the course of their own lives. People with developmental disabilities must be provided the chance to make choices in life that do not undermine their health and safety, and such choices must always be valued and respected. These foremost principles form the basis of philosophy of most development d isabilities services. The guiding principles that are followed for serving affected persons also play a key role in determining the philosophy of developmental disabilities services. Individualization highlights on an affected persons self-esteem, which can be developed by safeguarding respect, by making them contribute expressively to their living and community environment. The basic philosophy followed by Developmental disabilities services also includes the following ideas that people with developmental disabilities must have the same rights, privileges, opportunities and responsibilities as other members of the community. A Person Centered Organization. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2011, from Compass Coordination Inc.: http://www.compasstn.org /index.html This story of leadership is about Compass Coordination Inc. Their person-centered initiative is an international effort to support organizations in having better outcomes for the people they support. Through contribution in the creativity, organizations learn how to apply person centered thinking skills to the lives of people supported and in the practices of the organization, using coaches groups and leadership groups to classify barriers and facilitate changes within system. Compass participates in the initiative in a number of ways. Compass is working with stakeholders and within organizations to design and implement practices that grip person-centered thinking and planning and practice across the service delivery system. Members of their leadership team are working with other leaders to become skilful at using person-centered tools. Since their inception, Compass has held certain person-centered practices as central to our core values. Mount, B. (2011). What is a Circle of Support. Retrieved February 26, 2011, from Child- Autism-Parent-Cafe: http://www.child-autism-parent -cafe.com/circle.html This article contains specific information on what a Circle of Support is. A circle of support is a group of people interested in getting together to assist a focal person enhance and expand his or her life by helping to reach key personal goals. Persons with limitations have traditionally been excluded from meaningful relationships and experiences in the community that encompasses them. However, everyone learns and expands their worlds through family, friends and experiences. Circle members provide new and creative trails and networks to increasing experiences in the community, like suitable and stable employment, a safe and healthy place to live, transportation, recreation and exercise and opportunities to communicate with a caring person, etc. The point to remember is that persons with developmental disabilities miss out on the simple daily human contacts and pleasure we all enjoy. Consider the following to help select members for our individuals: Think about all the people involv ed in their life and who are the people that are closest, these are the people you should invite to the planning meeting. Each member determines his or her own interest and commitment. What is SIS. (2011). Retrieved February 16, 2011, from American Association On Intellectual and Developmental Disibilities: http://www.siswebsite.org /cs/product_info This article defines the Supports Intensity Scale and levels of support for individuals with a developmental disability. The Supports Intensity Scale is a calculation tool that evaluates practical support requirements of a person with an intellectual disability. Available in print and electronic formats, SIS contains of an interview and profile form that tests support needs in multiple areas. SIS is wide-ranging and employs the consumer in a positive interview process. The assessment is done through an interview with the individual, and those who know the person well. SIS measures support needs in the areas of home living, community living, lifelong learning, employment, health and safety, social activities, and protection and advocacy. The Scale ranks each activity according to frequency. Traditionally, a persons level of developmental disability has been measured by the skills the individual lacks. SIS shifts the focus from lacks to needs. The Scale assesses practical supports peop le with developmental disabilities need to lead independent lives. The SIS should be administered by a professional in the human services field. An overview of the Passport Initiative. (2008). Retrieved February 13, 2011, from Developmental Services Toronto: http://www.dsto.com/upload /Passport_Initiative_brochure.pdf This article promotes the Passport to Community Living. Passport to Community Living is funded by the Ministry of Community and Social Services to support adults who have a developmental disability, who have left school, and require supports to partake in community activities. Through this initiative, the participants who are accepted for funding can purchase services and supports that will enable their community participation according to their interests and strong points. Participants can choose to make their own provisions to purchase supports and/or to access services through community-based agencies. The passport initiative is designed for adults who have a developmental disability, have left school, and require supports to participate in their communities. Salzer, M., Baron, R. C. (2006, November). Promoting Community Integration:Increasing the Presence and Participation of People with Psychiatric and Developmental Disabilities in Community Life. Retrieved January 28, 2011, from UPENN Collaborative on Community Integration: http://tucollaborative.org/pdfs/ Toolkits_Monographs_Guidebooks /community_inclu sion/Increa sing_the_Presence_and_Participation _of_People_with_Psychiatric_Disabilities.pdf This article is reflective of the importance of Community Presence and Participation. To help people with disabilities play a more robust role in the civic life of their communities, programs could provide educational programming to clients to familiarize them with local, and regional, issues. Forums in which political candidates or civic groups could discuss both sides of controversial issues. Particularly those in which groups of clients may have a special interest. Create and use practice voting booths before local and national elections to help familiarize clients with the procedures of voting Also to spur their interest in participating in the election process . Support clients as they volunteer in civic groups that address public issues, helping clients to determine their personal interests and matching clients to local interest and advocacy groups in the community. Education is to help people DD problems resume and complete their educations and to better prepare them for bette r-paid employment, programs could. Work with local schools, community colleges, and universities to develop academic programs that provide supports people may require successfully applying to and completing certification and/or degree programs. Develop educational guides for consumers that both encourage them to continue their educations and provide them with helpful hints with regard to applications, scholarships, course work, and degree/certification completion. Identify existing scholarship funding for consumers who wish to continue their education, assist consumers in applying for those funds, and advocate for new funding to support these educational initiatives. Developmental Disabilities Division. (n.d.). Retrieved February 9, 2011, from Liberity Resources: http://www.liberty-resources.org /programs/dd.cfm This article clearly emphasizes the importance of Respect of people with developmental disabilities. All residents create goals for themselves that are documented on a daily basis. Every six months a formal meeting is held to review their progress and/or make changes that will benefit each specific person. Staff work on goals with consumers as outlined in the individualized residential plans and assist the consumer in planning activities that meet their needs and desires. Success is measured by an improvement in the quality of life and is monitored through tracking goal progress. Opportunities exist to become a volunteer or an advocate for many of the individuals in these programs. Many of them do not have involved family member and would welcome meeting new people. The staff persons are an integral support system, but the benefits of a community advocate would be enriching. The commitment to become an advocate minimally involves attendance at a six month planning/review meetings. This annotated bibliography consists og an abundance of information which will be pertinent to anyone who would like to understand or carry out person directed planning. This bibliography is a perfect example of how much involvement is required by a Developmental Service Worker to ensure they a correctly supporting individuals with a developmental disability.

Do Ufos Exist? :: essays research papers

Do UFOs Exist? I have gathered many sources and have come to the conclusion that UFOs do exist. Sightings of unusual aerial phenomena date back to ancient times, but only after 1947, have UFOs been widely discussed because of publication world wide. Many things support this concept such as sightings, crop circles, encounters, and abductions. At least 90% of UFO sightings can be identified as conventional objects, Although time consuming investigations are necessary for such identification. The objects most often mistaken for UFOs are bright planets and stars, peculiar clouds, birds, aircraft, balloons, kites, aerial flares, meteors and satellites. Between 1647 to 1969 at total of 12,618 reports have been received concerning unidentified flying objects, of which 701 of the reports (5.6 percent) were listed as unexplained. Some people claim that they have been abducted by extraterrestrials. A Harvard professor has taken these "abductees" and puts them in a hypnotic trans. Under hypnosis, sometimes weeping and shouting with agony and terror, they recover buried memories of alien encounters. There has never been physical proof of any abduction yet to be provided. The Roswell incident is now generally regarded as one of the most important UFO events in history, an extensive review of the UFO literature of the 1950s finds no mention of it beyond the first press accounts in early July 1947. The only know reference to it as a UFO crash was in a 1955 lecture by broadcaster and UFO enthusiast Frank Edward. Even in the 1960s the UFO literature mentioned it only three times, twice in both brief instances, in the latter rather vaguely. A widely published story reported that personnel from Roswell Field had a "flying disk" in their possession. When the material was flown to Fort Worth, Texas, the commander told the press that the "disk" was really just a weather balloon and produced balloon remains to "prove" it. Pictures were taken, there were chuckles all around and the press fell victim to a lie and a cover up it was able to maintain without challenge for over three decades. Crop circls Have been found to occur mainly in corn and wheat, but have also been found in other crops such as barky, oats, canola, grass, flowers, trees, and even snow. Crop circles have appeared on every continent and have been reported in over 70 countries around the world. Only countries in mainland China and South Africa haven't reported any crop circles at all. A lot of then have appeared in the former Czech Republic . Most crop circles have been formed in the center of fields with none of the surrounding crops disturbed. Do Ufos Exist? :: essays research papers Do UFOs Exist? I have gathered many sources and have come to the conclusion that UFOs do exist. Sightings of unusual aerial phenomena date back to ancient times, but only after 1947, have UFOs been widely discussed because of publication world wide. Many things support this concept such as sightings, crop circles, encounters, and abductions. At least 90% of UFO sightings can be identified as conventional objects, Although time consuming investigations are necessary for such identification. The objects most often mistaken for UFOs are bright planets and stars, peculiar clouds, birds, aircraft, balloons, kites, aerial flares, meteors and satellites. Between 1647 to 1969 at total of 12,618 reports have been received concerning unidentified flying objects, of which 701 of the reports (5.6 percent) were listed as unexplained. Some people claim that they have been abducted by extraterrestrials. A Harvard professor has taken these "abductees" and puts them in a hypnotic trans. Under hypnosis, sometimes weeping and shouting with agony and terror, they recover buried memories of alien encounters. There has never been physical proof of any abduction yet to be provided. The Roswell incident is now generally regarded as one of the most important UFO events in history, an extensive review of the UFO literature of the 1950s finds no mention of it beyond the first press accounts in early July 1947. The only know reference to it as a UFO crash was in a 1955 lecture by broadcaster and UFO enthusiast Frank Edward. Even in the 1960s the UFO literature mentioned it only three times, twice in both brief instances, in the latter rather vaguely. A widely published story reported that personnel from Roswell Field had a "flying disk" in their possession. When the material was flown to Fort Worth, Texas, the commander told the press that the "disk" was really just a weather balloon and produced balloon remains to "prove" it. Pictures were taken, there were chuckles all around and the press fell victim to a lie and a cover up it was able to maintain without challenge for over three decades. Crop circls Have been found to occur mainly in corn and wheat, but have also been found in other crops such as barky, oats, canola, grass, flowers, trees, and even snow. Crop circles have appeared on every continent and have been reported in over 70 countries around the world. Only countries in mainland China and South Africa haven't reported any crop circles at all. A lot of then have appeared in the former Czech Republic . Most crop circles have been formed in the center of fields with none of the surrounding crops disturbed.

Scholasticism in Religious Architecture

Matt Pearson Professor Ansell Humanities 201 5 August 2013 Scholasticism in Religious Architecture â€Å"Sacred architecture is not, a ‘free' art, developed from ‘feelings' and ‘sentiment', but it is an art strictly tied by and developed from the laws of geometry† (Schneider). This is a governing principle behind the architecture and stained-glass images in Chartres Cathedral: the building wasn't Just built without a plan or the art didn't Just happen, it is a systematic creation using geometry (Crossly 232). Scholasticism is the main contributor to the use of geometry to organize how the Cathedral was built.Briefly described, scholasticism is taking events, concepts, or miracles, that we can't understand, and organizing a structured argument to provide an explanation. In the Chartres Cathedral, the architecture and art not only display sacred religious events and scenes from the Bible, but also secular events, such as everyday chores like farming or cleaning . There is clearly a union trying to be made here between things of this earthly world – science, philosophy, reason – and things that go beyond the earthly world – faith, theology, revelation.This is where scholasticism is found, cause it organizes events and understanding to find God in the secular and sacred. In Chartres Cathedral, the building as a whole is meant to take us from the corruption of this world and into the presence of God, which embodies light. There is great detail in each stained-glass window, specifically in the exactness of the geometry and also in the Biblical stories they portray, which again point us to God, and also show how scholasticism has helped shape the organized design behind many things in the Cathedral. Scholasticism is a â€Å"term used to designate both a method and a system.It is applied to theology as well as to philosophy' (Turner). Historically, it came from early Christian institutions. They would have someone as the he ad of the school that would act as the philosopher or theologian to help carry out the method of dialectical teaching to the students. This is done in an attempt to put understanding and reason to mysteries like science and faith or reason and revelation, and how these conflicting pairs can exist together. Not only can these opposites exist, but they â€Å"must harmonize† together to form greater understanding (Turner). SST. ThomasAquinas was one of the greatest Scholastics of his time. He was monumental in bridging the gap between theology and philosophy by his reasoning that â€Å"God is the author of all truth, and it is impossible to think that He would teach in the natural order anything that contradicts what He teaches in the supernatural order† (Turner). A structure, as grand as the Chartres Cathedral, introduces an interesting paradox for religious and secular views, because the architects â€Å"however much directed towards the glory of God, still turned man' s eyes elsewhere and diverted elsewhere he wealth he could have put to better purpose† (Affair 55).This meaner that the architects were trying to turn people's hearts and minds to God, but, in an attempt to do so, they were expending vast amounts of resources on secular architecture. They wanted to build a place that would mentally take you from this world and into God's world. This concept is easily seen as people enter the doors of the Cathedral and see all the light that is coming in through the stained-glass windows at all times of the day. These windows truly illuminate the building and allow the participants to feel God or light.The Cathedral also was a place for people to make their religious pilgrimages and would aid them in their search for God. Many of the stained-glass windows show events of Chrism's ministry, but for the sake of exploring scholasticism and its relation to Chartres Cathedral, we are going to focus on Just two windows: The Tree of Jesse and the Rose Window. The Tree of Jesse shows â€Å"Chrism's royal genealogy [rising] up from Jesse, who lies at the bottom of the window, to Christ, who sits enthroned at the summit† (Preach 42). The window is a column of squares made up of smaller rectangles.In each square is figure and a continuation of the tree stemming from Jesses frame, which represents the continued line from Jesse to Christ and how Christ is born an heir to the king because of the unbroken chain. At Chrism's feet sits Mary, and around both of them are seven doves, which represent the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, â€Å"the gift of wisdom†¦ The gift of understanding†¦ The gift of counsel†¦ The gift of fortitude†¦ The gift of knowledge†¦ The gift of fear of the Lord†¦ The gift of Reverence† (Aquinas).Having Christ, Mary, and the doves all together at the top also represents something else, the double personality of Christ, human through His lineage, divine through His union with the Holy Spirit† (Preach 44). The miracle of Chrism's birth can't be explained through science, because of Mary and the Immaculate Conception, but some understanding is given to Chrism's lineage through the structure of the window. It shows Christ is connected to being a King through Mary, or God, and through Jesse, who was an earthly king. The organized structure shows the use of scholasticism, because of its push for organization to explain miraculous events.A main contributor to scholasticism is SST. Thomas Aquinas and his text Sum Theological. One argument he presented was â€Å"The Life of God† and â€Å"Whether all things in God are life? † (Aquinas). He takes all the objections he can find to the question he has asked. He will then make a â€Å"response† or an explanation to every objection to explain the initial question being asked. This is a very structured procedure, but it is seen in â€Å"The Tree of Jesse† window, because it addresses the concern, is Christ really God and is He an earthly and heavenly king.It then takes each objection and finds a response: Christ is an earthly king because of his genealogical connection to Jesse, ND Christ is a heavenly king, because of his miraculous or immaculate conception by the Holy Ghost, through his virgin mother, Mary. The Rose Window is actually in two places in Chartres Cathedral on the south and north walls. The Rose on the south transept has Christ at the center, surrounded by apostles. Below the Rose Window are five â€Å"lancet† windows, which have, from left to right, Isaiah, Daniel, Virgin Mary holding Christ as an infant, Ezekiel, Jeremiah (Affair 90).This is to surround Mary with the â€Å"four great prophets† (Preach 89). On their shoulders sit the â€Å"Evangelists,† Matthew, Mark, John, and Luke, which symbolizes their role in proclaiming Chrism's birth and divinity. The Rose itself symbolized beauty and perfection, which represents Mary as a fair virgin and also Christ as the only perfect human. The Rose symbolism is only strengthened by the presence of these stained glass windows that surround the rose. To give an example, in one of the medallion windows that surround the center of the rose, â€Å"Mary, is exalted as Queen of Heaven†¦ He is seated on a throne and holds a scepter† (Preach 93). The Rose on the north transept has SST. Anne holding Mary at the center. This is a unique image, because now it isn't Christ who is the infant, but it is Mary and she is â€Å"in the arms of her mother Anne, the person who establishes the genealogical link with the Old Testament† (Preach 93). This shows us the importance of Mary in all of Christianity. Below the Rose are five more â€Å"lancet† windows, like on the south side, except these stained-glass windows have different images, which are, from left to right, Milkweed, David, SST.Anne holding Mary as an infant, Solomon, and Aaron (Affair 91). A nne is â€Å"surrounded by the most famous of the ancient kings† which show how important Anne is and the oracle that came from her (Preach 93). All of this detail and organization in both Rose Windows shows scholastic thought, because, as mentioned before, Chrism's birth and conception is an unexplainable miracle, but guiding our train of thought with these images helps to explain the miracle. There is one more detail in the Rose that really cements scholasticism in the Cathedral, it is the process to create the Rose.First, a process is carried out to find twelve evenly spaced spaces around a circle. Second, a star with twelve points is drawn in the middle, every line being exactly the name length. At the base of each point, close to the center, twelve equal circles are made. Another star with twelve points is then drawn inside the bigger star, once again each line being the same length. A circle is made around the inner star and in the center of this circle is where Christ is placed in one window and Anne and Mary are placed in the other window.The precision that is used reflects the scholastic procedure Thomas Aquinas uses. Great care and concern are taken to create the desired result and to give an explanation too miracle. Thomas Aquinas used this teeth in writing to explain the miracle of God and the Rose Windows use this method in imagery and biblical symbolism to explain the miracle of Christ and Mary. Thus, we can see that Chartres Cathedral has Biblical symbolism in the stained-glass windows and scholasticism is used within these windows as the organization.Chartres Cathedral is built in great geometric precision to take people's thoughts from this world into God's world (Crossly 233). Through the geometric precision, scholasticism is very present. Scholasticism is found in the Stem of Jesse by the organizational structure used to present the explanation of Chrism's divine birth. This is a miracle that can't simply be explained, but the Stem of Jesse window systematically takes us from Jesse to Mary and then to Christ to explain the miracle.Scholasticism is also found in the Rose Windows in the precise geometric construction and also in the images that are shown. The conception of Christ is a miracle, but the different images show how it can be explained. In all of these Biblical events and miracles, scholasticism creates an organized way to understanding them. Works Cited Aquinas, Thomas. Sum Theological. Kevin Knight, 2008. New Advent. Web. 6 August 2013. Crossly, Paul. Rhetoric Beyond Words. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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